1  2126 134 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF MIR-34B/C IN ADDITION TO MIR-34A AND DAPK1 IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: TP53 MUTATION/DELETION IS UNCOMMON IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). WE POSTULATED THAT COMPONENTS OF TP53-CENTERED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR NETWORK, MIR-34B/C, IN ADDITION TO DAPK1 AND MIR-34A MIGHT BE INACTIVATED BY DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. MOREOVER, WE TESTED IF MIR-34B/C METHYLATION MIGHT CORRELATE WITH MIR-203 OR MIR-124-1 METHYLATION IN CLL. METHODS: MIR-34B/C, MIR-34A AND DAPK1 METHYLATION WAS STUDIED IN 11 NORMAL CONTROLS, 7 CLL CELL LINES, AND 78 DIAGNOSTIC CLL SAMPLES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. MEC-1 CELLS WERE TREATED WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE FOR REVERSAL OF METHYLATION-ASSOCIATED MIRNA SILENCING. TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROPERTIES OF MIR-34B WERE DEMONSTRATED BY OVER-EXPRESSION OF PRECURSOR MIR-34B IN MEC-1 CELLS. RESULTS: MIR-34B/C PROMOTER WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS, BUT COMPLETELY METHYLATED IN 4 CLL CELL LINES. MIR-34B/C EXPRESSION WAS INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH MIR-34B/C METHYLATION. DIFFERENT MSP STATUSES OF MIR-34B/C, INCLUDING COMPLETE METHYLATION AND COMPLETE UNMETHYLATION, WERE VERIFIED BY QUANTITATIVE BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE TREATMENT RESULTED IN PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION AND MIR-34B RE-EXPRESSION IN MEC1 CELLS. MOREOVER, OVER-EXPRESSION OF MIR-34B RESULTED IN INHIBITION OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND INCREASED CELL DEATH. IN PRIMARY CLL SAMPLES, MIR-34A, MIR-34B/C AND DAPK1 METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 2.6%, 17.9% AND 34.6% OF PATIENTS AT DIAGNOSIS RESPECTIVELY. FURTHERMORE, 39.7%, 3.8% AND 2.6% PATIENTS HAD METHYLATION OF ONE, TWO OR ALL THREE GENES RESPECTIVELY. OVERALL, 46.2% PATIENTS HAD METHYLATION OF AT LEAST ONE OF THESE THREE GENES. BESIDES, MIR-34B/C METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION OF MIR-34A (P = 0.03) AND MIR-203 (P = 0.012) IN CLL. CONCLUSIONS: TAKEN TOGETHER, MIR-34B/C IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MIRNA FREQUENTLY METHYLATED, AND HENCE SILENCED IN CLL. TOGETHER WITH DAPK1 METHYLATION, MIR-34B/C METHYLATION IS IMPLICATED IN THE DISRUPTION OF THE TP53-CENTERED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR NETWORK. MOREOVER, THE ASSOCIATION OF MIRNA METHYLATION WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
2  2326  43 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ACCOUNTS FOR ~10% OF LEUKEMIA CASES, AND ITS PROGRESSION INVOLVES EPIGENETIC GENE REGULATION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOTAIR AND ITS TARGET MICRORNA, MIR-143, IN ADVANCED CML. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE FIRST ISOLATED BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM 70 PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT PHASES OF CML AND FROM HEALTHY DONORS AS NORMAL CONTROL; WE ALSO CULTURED K562 AND KCL22 CELLS, TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG; MTT ASSAY, FLOW CYTOMETRY, QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), WESTERN BLOT, LUCIFERASE ASSAY, RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (RIP) ASSAY WERE PERFORMED. RESULT: AS MEASURED BY QPCR, HOTAIR EXPRESSION IN K562 CELLS, KCL22 CELLS, AND SAMPLES FROM CASES OF ADVANCED-STAGE CML INCREASED WITH LEVELS OF SEVERAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLATES, INCLUDING DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, AND LSD1, AND MIR-143 LEVELS WERE DECREASED AND HOTAIR LEVELS WERE INCREASED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, A DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, DECREASED DNMT1, DNMT3A, HDAC1, EZH2, LSD1 MRNA, PROTEIN LEVELS, AND HOTAIR MRNA LEVELS BUT INCREASED MIR-143 LEVELS. HOTAIR KNOCKDOWN AND MIR-143 OVEREXPRESSION BOTH INHIBITED PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTED APOPTOSIS IN KCL22 AND K562 CELLS THROUGH THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY. RNA PULL-DOWN, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND RIP ASSAYS SHOWED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH EZH2 AND LSD1. A DUAL-LUCIFERASE ASSAY DEMONSTRATED THAT HOTAIR INTERACTED WITH MIR-143. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE KEY EPIGENETIC INTERACTIONS OF HOTAIR RELATED TO CML PROGRESSION AND SUGGEST HOTAIR AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AS A CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
3  5459  38 RESEARCH ON THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION MECHANISM OF THE PTPN6 GENE IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. PTPN6, A TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE PROTEIN, PLAYS A NEGATIVE ROLE IN CELL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND IS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH TUMOUR FORMATION AND GROWTH. HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC REGULATION MECHANISM OF THE PTPN6 GENE IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) REMAINS UNCLEAR. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED BONE MARROW OR BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 44 CML PATIENTS AND 10 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. KCL22 AND K562 CELLS WERE CULTURED AND TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. REAL TIME QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR, WESTERN BLOTTING, CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) WAS PERFORMED. PTPN6 WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN CELL LINES AND PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED PHASE CML, WHEREAS DNMT1, DNMT3A, MECP2, MBD2 AND HDAC1 WERE UP-REGULATED. TREATMENT WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE, DECITABINE, SODIUM VALPROATE AND LBH589 INCREASED PTPN6 EXPRESSION, BUT DECREASED THAT OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, MECP2, MBD2 AND HDAC1. IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND MASS SPECTROMETRY SHOWED THAT HDAC1 COMBINED DIRECTLY WITH PTPN6. CHIP-SEQ SHOWED THAT HDAC1 DID NOT COMBINE WITH THE PROMOTER REGION OF PTPN6, WHILE MAPK, AKT, STAT5, JAK2 AND MYC PROMOTER REGIONS ALL COMBINED WITH HDAC1. PTPN6 IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGRESSION OF CML. LOW EXPRESSION LEVEL OF PTPN6 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION AND REGULATED BY HISTONE ACETYLATION. HDAC1 PARTICIPATES IN THE REGULATION OF PTPN6.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  5479  34 RESVERATROL ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY ACCELERATED LUNG AGING. SMOKING IS THE CRITICAL RISK FACTOR FOR COPD. CELLULAR SENESCENCE OF AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS IS THE CYTOLOGICAL BASIS OF ACCELERATED LUNG AGING IN COPD, AND THE REGULATION OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) IS THE CENTRAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE. RESVERATROL (RES) IS A POLYPHENOL WITH ANTI-AGING PROPERTIES. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED WHETHER RES ATTENUATES CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE)-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS (BEAS-2B) THROUGH THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) PATHWAY. BEAS-2B CELLS WERE TREATED WITH RES, CSE AND TRANSFECTED WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMICS. CELLULAR SENESCENCE WAS EVALUATED BY SENESCENCE -RELATED BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (SA-BETA-GAL) STAINING AND EXPRESSION OF SENESCENCE-RELATED GENES (P16, P21, AND P53). THE EXPRESSIONS OF MIR-34A-5P, SIRT1, AND NF-KAPPAB P65 WERE EXAMINED USING QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOTTING. THE SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED SECRETORY PHENOTYPE (SASP) CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) WERE ASSESSED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY. THE BINDING BETWEEN MIR-34A-5P AND SIRT1 WAS CONFIRMED BY DUAL-LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY DECREASED CELL VIABILITY AND ELEVATED CELLULAR SENESCENCE, CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED SA-BETA-GAL STAINING AND SENESCENCE-RELATED GENE EXPRESSIONS (P16, P21, AND P53). FURTHER, CSE DOSE-DEPENDENTLY INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P AND SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN BEAS-2B CELLS. PRETREATMENT WITH RES INHIBITED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE AND SECRETION OF SASP CYTOKINES (IL-1BETA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ALPHA) IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. MOREOVER, RES REVERSED THE CSE-INDUCED DOWN-REGULATION OF SIRT1 AND UP-REGULATION OF MIR-34A-5P AND NF-KAPPAB P65. SIRT1 IS A TARGET OF MIR-34A-5P. OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-34A-5P VIA TRANSFECTION WITH MIR-34A-5P MIMIC IN BEAS-2B CELLS ATTENUATED THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF RES ON CELLULAR SENESCENCE, ACCOMPANIED BY REVERSING THE EXPRESSION OF SIRT1 AND NF-KAPPAB P65. IN CONCLUSION, RES ATTENUATED CSE-INDUCED CELLULAR SENESCENCE IN BEAS-2B CELLS BY REGULATING THE MIR-34A/SIRT1/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, WHICH MAY PROVIDE A NEW APPROACH FOR COPD TREATMENT.	2022	

5  2132  49 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE MIR-124-1 IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. MIR-124-1 IS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNA (MIR). EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF MIRS IS IMPLICATED IN CARCINOGENESIS. PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION OF MIR-124-1 WAS STUDIED IN 5 NORMAL MARROW CONTROLS, 4 LYMPHOMA, 8 MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) CELL LINES, 230 DIAGNOSTIC PRIMARY SAMPLES OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML), ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML), CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL), MM, AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL), AND 53 MM SAMPLES AT STABLE DISEASE OR RELAPSE. PROMOTER OF MIR-124-1 WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS BUT HOMOZYGOUSLY METHYLATED IN 4 OF 4 LYMPHOMA AND 4 OF 8 MYELOMA CELL LINES. TREATMENT OF 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE LED TO MIR-124-1 DEMETHYLATION AND RE-EXPRESSION OF MATURE MIR-124, WHICH ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH EMERGENCE OF EUCHROMATIC TRIMETHYL H3K4 AND CONSEQUENT DOWNREGULATION OF CDK6 IN MYELOMA CELLS HARBORING HOMOZYGOUS MIR-124-1 METHYLATION. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES AT DIAGNOSIS, MIR-124-1 METHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN CML BUT DETECTED IN 2% EACH OF MM AT DIAGNOSIS AND RELAPSE/PROGRESSION, 5% ALL, 15% AML, 14% CLL AND 58.1% OF NHL (P<0.001). AMONGST LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES, MIR-124-1 WAS PREFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN NHL THAN MM, CLL OR ALL. IN PRIMARY LYMPHOMA SAMPLES, MIR-124-1 WAS PREFERENTIALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN B- OR NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMAS AND ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED MIR-124 EXPRESSION. IN CONCLUSION, MIR-124-1 WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN A TUMOUR-SPECIFIC MANNER, WITH A HETEROCHROMATIC HISTONE CONFIGURATION. HYPOMETHYLATION LED TO PARTIAL RESTORATION OF EUCHROMATIC HISTONE CODE AND MIR RE-EXPRESSION. INFREQUENT MIR-124-1 METHYLATION DETECTED IN DIAGNOSTIC AND RELAPSE MM SAMPLES SHOWED AN UNIMPORTANT ROLE IN MM PATHOGENESIS, DESPITE FREQUENT METHYLATION FOUND IN CELL LINES. AMONGST HAEMATOLOGICAL CANCERS, MIR-124-1 WAS MORE FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NHL, AND HENCE WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6  2131  54 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE HSA-MIR-203 IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. MIR-203 IS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNA (MIRNA). WE STUDIED THE METHYLATION OF HSA-MIR-203 IN 150 SAMPLES INCLUDING ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML), ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML), CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL) BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR, AND MIRNA EXPRESSION BY STEM-LOOP RT-QPCR. HSA-MIR-203 PROMOTER WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS BUT HOMOZYGOUSLY METHYLATED IN TWO AML AND FOUR LYMPHOMA CELL LINES, IN WHICH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE TREATMENT LED TO PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION AND MIR-203 RE-EXPRESSION. RESTORATION OF MIR-203 EXPRESSION IN LYMPHOMA CELLS INHIBITED CELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND INCREASED CELL DEATH, SUGGESTING AN INHERENT TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITY. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES, HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION WAS ABSENT IN CML BUT DETECTED IN 5.0% ALL, 10.0% AML, 42.0% CLL AND 38.8% OF NHL (INCLUDING SIX [60.0%] NATURAL KILLER-CELL, NINE [40.9%] B-CELL AND FOUR [23.5%] T CELL NHL). MOREOVER, HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERMETHYLATION OF HSA-MIR-34A, -124A AND -196B IN NHL BUT NOT CLL. IN CLL, HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER PRESENTING HB LEVEL (P = 0.033). THE PROJECTED 10 YEAR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF THE CLL PATIENTS WAS 58.2%, WHICH WAS IMPACTED BY RAI STAGE AND HIGH-RISK KARYOTYPES BUT NOT HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION. HSA-MIR-203 WAS MORE FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN LYMPHOID THAN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES (P = 0.002). IN CONCLUSION, MIR-203, A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENE, WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN A TUMOUR-SPECIFIC MANNER WITH GENE SILENCING. HSA-MIR-203 WAS MORE FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN LYMPHOID THAN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. IN NHL, HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CONCOMITANT METHYLATION OF OTHER TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR MIRNAS. THE FREQUENT HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION IN LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES SUGGESTED A PATHOGENETIC ROLE OF HSA-MIR-203 METHYLATION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7  5458  36 RESEARCH ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF SFRP2 IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN 2 (SFRP2) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO ACT AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSORS. THIS STUDY AIMS TO DETECT THE BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF SFRP2 IN ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). IN THIS STUDY WE EXAMINED BONE MARROW SAMPLES FROM 45 CML PATIENTS AND 10 HEALTHY DONORS. K562 AND KCL22 CELLS WERE CULTURED AND TREATED WITH DEMETHYLATION DRUG AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDACI). KCL22 AND K562 CELLS WERE TRANSFECTED WITH LENTIVIRAL VECTOR (LV)-SFRP2, LV-CONTROL. THE CELLS WERE THEN SUBJECTED TO PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS ASSAYS, REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR (MSP), WESTERN BLOTTING, CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (COIP) AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP), WE FOUND THAT SFRP2 WAS DOWN-REGULATED IN THE ACCELERATED AND BLAST PHASE OF CML, WHEREAS, THE LEVELS OF WNT1, WNT3 AND WNT5A WERE UP-REGULATED IN THE ACCELERATED AND BLAST PHASE OF CML. OVEREXPRESSION SFRP2 INHIBITED PROLIFERATION, PROMOTED APOPTOSIS AND ACTIVATED THE WNT PATHWAY. COIP-MS RESULTS SHOWED THAT SFRP2 INTERACTED WITH WNT1 AND WNT5A. CHIP-SEQ RESULT INDICATED THAT THE PROMOTER OF H3K4ME3 AND H3K27ME3 WERE ABLE TO INTERACT WITH SFRP2. IN CONCLUSION, OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATED THE SFRP2 ACT AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR ADVANCED CML. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE USE OF DEMETHYLATION DRUGS AND HDACI AS A POTENTIAL CML TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8  1211  40 CPG ISLAND METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF THE SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN GENE FAMILY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS CHARACTERIZED BY A CLONAL ACCUMULATION OF MATURE NEOPLASTIC B CELLS INDICATING DISRUPTION OF APOPTOSIS. RESTRICTION LANDMARK GENOME SCANNING WAS DONE TO IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGET GENES SILENCED BY CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN CLL. SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN 4 (SFRP4), A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY, WAS FOUND TO BE FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN CLL SAMPLES. WNT SIGNALING HAS BEEN SHOWN TO CONTROL NORMAL APOPTOTIC BEHAVIOR AND IS REQUIRED FOR NORMAL B-CELL DEVELOPMENT WHEREAS ABERRANT ACTIVATION OF THIS PATHWAY HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN CLL. WE SHOW ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF SFRP4, AS WELL AS OF ADDITIONAL SFRP FAMILY MEMBERS, IN PRIMARY CLL SAMPLES. INDUCTION OF THEIR EXPRESSION IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH A DEMETHYLATING AGENT, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE, WAS SHOWN. OF THE FIVE SFRP FAMILY MEMBERS STUDIED IN DETAIL, SFRP1 WAS HYPERMETHYLATED AND DOWN-REGULATED IN ALL CLL PATIENT SAMPLES STUDIED, SUGGESTING THAT THIS EPIGENETIC EVENT IS A CRITICAL STEP DURING LEUKEMOGENESIS. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SILENCING OF SFRPS BY CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IS ONE POSSIBLE MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO ABERRANT ACTIVATION OF WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY IN CLL.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9  4364  35 MIRNA DEREGULATION BY EPIGENETIC SILENCING DISRUPTS SUPPRESSION OF THE ONCOGENE PLAG1 IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. MICRORNAS (MIRNA) PLAY A KEY ROLE IN CELLULAR REGULATION AND, IF DEREGULATED, IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS INCLUDING CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). RNAS FROM PRIMARY CELLS OF 50 TREATMENT-NAIVE CLL PATIENTS AND PERIPHERAL B CELLS OF 14 HEALTHY DONORS WERE APPLIED TO MIRNA EXPRESSION PROFILING USING BEAD CHIP TECHNOLOGY. IN CLL CELLS, A SET OF 7 UP- AND 19 DOWN-REGULATED MIRNAS WAS IDENTIFIED. AMONG THE MIRNAS DOWN-REGULATED IN CLL CELLS, 6 OF 10 MIRNA PROMOTERS EXAMINED SHOWED GAIN OF METHYLATION COMPARED WITH NORMAL B-CELL CONTROLS. SUBSEQUENT TARGET PREDICTION OF DEREGULATED MIRNAS REVEALED A HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT BINDING PREDICTION AT THE 3' UNTRANSLATED REGION OF THE PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA GENE 1 (PLAG1) ONCOGENE. LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAYS INCLUDING SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS OF BINDING SITES REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT REGULATION OF PLAG1 BY MIR-181A, MIR-181B, MIR-107, AND MIR-424. ALTHOUGH EXPRESSION OF PLAG1 MRNA WAS NOT AFFECTED, PLAG1 PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS SHOWN TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED IN CLL CELLS COMPARED WITH THE LEVELS IN HEALTHY DONOR B CELLS. IN SUMMARY, WE COULD DEMONSTRATE DISRUPTION OF MIRNA-MEDIATED TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL, PARTLY DUE TO EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF MIRNAS, WITH SUBSEQUENT OVEREXPRESSION OF THE ONCOGENIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PLAG1 AS A PUTATIVE NOVEL MECHANISM OF CLL PATHOGENESIS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10  4371  30 MIRNAS POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN POST LUNG TRANSPLANT-OBLITERATIVE BRONCHIOLITIS: THE ROLE OF MIR-21-5P. EPIGENETIC CHANGES, INCLUDING MIRNAS DEREGULATION, HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED TO PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF OBLITERATIVE BRONCHIOLITIS (OB) IN TRANSPLANTED LUNGS. MANY STUDIES HAVE TRIED TO IDENTIFY IDEAL CANDIDATE MIRNAS AND THE DOWNSTREAM PATHWAYS IMPLICATED IN THE BRONCHIOLAR FIBRO-OBLITERATIVE PROCESS. SEVERAL CANDIDATE MIRNAS, PREVIOUSLY INDICATED AS POSSIBLY BEING ASSOCIATED WITH OB, WERE ANALYZED BY COMBINING THE QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QRT-PCR) AND IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (ISH) OF LUNG TISSUES OF OB AFFECTED PATIENTS. DISEASE AND OB-LESION-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF MIR-21-5P WAS CONFIRMED AND BY COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS WE WERE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE NETWORK OF GENES MOST PROBABLY ASSOCIATED MIR-21-5P IN THE CONTEXT OF OB FIBROGENESIS. AMONG ALL POTENTIALLY ASSOCIATED GENES, STAT3 HAD A VERY HIGH PROBABILITY SCORE. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY SHOWED THAT STAT3/MIR-21-5P WERE CO-OVER EXPRESSED IN OB LESIONS, THUS, SUGGESTING MIR-21-5P COULD REGULATE STAT3 EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, MIR-21-5P INHIBITION IN CULTURES OF BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS SYNDROME (BOS) DERIVED MYOFIBROBLASTS DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT STAT3 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THE SPECIFICITY OF MIR-21-5P OVER-EXPRESSION IN OB LESIONS AND CONTRIBUTES TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE ON THE MIR-21-5P DOWNSTREAM PATHWAY. ACTIVATION OF STAT3 IS ASSOCIATED WITH MIR-21-5P UPREGULATION, HOWEVER, STAT-3 NETWORK ACTIVATION IS MOST LIKELY COMPLEX AND MIR-21-5P IS NOT THE SOLE REGULATOR OF STAT3.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11  1733  43 E-CADHERIN GENE RE-EXPRESSION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELLS BY HDAC INHIBITORS. BACKGROUND: THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE E-CADHERIN GENE IS FREQUENTLY SILENCED IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) CELLS AND RESULTS IN WNT-PATHWAY ACTIVATION. WE ANALYZED THE ROLE OF HISTONE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN E-CADHERIN GENE SILENCING. METHODS: CLL SPECIMENS WERE TREATED WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDACI) MS-275 AND ANALYZED FOR E-CADHERIN EXPRESSION WITH WESTERN BLOT AND RT-PCR ANALYSIS. THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF HDACI TREATED LEUKEMIC CELLS WERE STUDIED BY ANALYZING THE EFFECT ON WNT-PATHWAY SIGNALING. HDACI INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN E-CADHERIN SPLICING WERE INVESTIGATED BY TRANSCRIPT SPECIFIC REAL TIME PCR ANALYSIS. RESULTS: TREATMENT OF CLL SPECIMENS WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI) TREATMENT RESULTED IN AN INCREASE OF THE E-CADHERIN RNA TRANSCRIPT (5 TO 119 FOLD INCREASE, N=10) IN EIGHT OUT OF TEN CLL SPECIMENS INDICATING THAT THIS GENE IS DOWN REGULATED BY HISTONE HYPOACETYLATION IN A MAJORITY OF CLL SPECIMENS. THE E-CADHERIN RE-EXPRESSION IN CLL SPECIMENS WAS NOTED BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AS WELL. BESIDES EPIGENETIC SILENCING ANOTHER MECHANISM OF E-CADHERIN INACTIVATION IS ABERRANT EXON 11 SPLICING RESULTING IN AN ALTERNATIVELY SPLICED TRANSCRIPT THAT LACKS EXON 11 AND IS DEGRADED BY THE NON-SENSE MEDIATED DECAY (NMD) PATHWAY. OUR CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION EXPERIMENTS SHOW THAT HDACI INCREASED THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 IN THE E-CADHERIN PROMOTER REGION. THIS ALSO AFFECTED THE E-CADHERIN EXON 11 SPLICING PATTERN AS HDACI TREATED CLL SPECIMENS PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED THE CORRECTLY SPLICED TRANSCRIPT AND NOT THE EXON 11 SKIPPED ABERRANT TRANSCRIPT. THE RE-EXPRESSED E- CADHERIN BINDS TO BETA-CATENIN WITH INHIBITION OF THE ACTIVE WNT-BETA-CATENIN PATHWAY IN THESE CELLS. THIS RESULTED IN A DOWN REGULATION OF TWO WNT TARGET GENES, LEF AND CYCLIND1 AND THE WNT PATHWAY REPORTER. CONCLUSION: THE E-CADHERIN GENE IS EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED AND HYPOACETYLATED IN CLL LEUKEMIC CELLS. TREATMENT OF CLL SPECIMENS WITH HDACI MS-275 ACTIVATES TRANSCRIPTION FROM THIS SILENT GENE WITH EXPRESSION OF MORE CORRECTLY SPLICED E-CADHERIN TRANSCRIPTS AS COMPARED TO THE ABERRANT EXON11 SKIPPED TRANSCRIPTS THAT IN TURN INHIBITS THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY. THE DATA HIGHLIGHTS THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN ALTERING GENE SPLICING PATTERNS.	2013	
                                                                          
12   574  29 BCR/ABL INCREASES EZH2 LEVELS WHICH REGULATES XIAP EXPRESSION VIA MIRNA-219 IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS. IN THIS STUDY, WE SHOWED THAT THE LEVELS OF EZH2 IN BONE MARROW MONONUCLEAR CELLS (BMMNCS) ISOLATED FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) (N=12) WERE SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER THAN THOSE IN BMMNCS ISOLATED FROM HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS (N=6) AS WELL AS INDIVIDUALS WITH PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. LENTIVIRAL TRANSDUCTION OF THE BCR/ABL GENE IN BA/F3 CELLS INCREASED EZH2 LEVELS IN PARALLEL WITH PHOSPHORYLATION OF STAT5. NOTABLY, CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS SHOWED THAT STAT5A BOUND TO A PROMOTER REGION OF THE EZH2 GENE, RESULTING IN AN INCREASE IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF EZH2 IN LEUKEMIA CELLS. IMPORTANTLY, DOWNREGULATION OF EZH2 BY SHORT HAIRPIN RNAS (SHRNAS) INHIBITED THE EXPRESSION OF XIAP AND INCREASED THE MIR-219 LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE IN HYPERMETHYLATION OF MIR-219-1 CPG ISLANDS. MOREOVER, OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-219 DECREASED THE LEVELS OF XIAP IN CML CELLS. SINCE THE 3'-UNTRANSLATED REGION (3'-UTR) OF XIAP CONTAINS MIR219-5P-COMPLEMENTARY BINDING SITE, MIR-219 MIGHT MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF XIAP THROUGH BINDING OF MIR-219 ON THE 3'-UTR OF XIAP. TAKEN TOGETHER, BCR/ABL POSITIVELY REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF EZH2 VIA STAT5 SIGNALING. EZH2 MODULATES EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT DNA METHYLATED REGIONS ENCODING MIR-219 AND DOWNREGULATES THE LEVEL OF MIR-219, RESULTING IN UPREGULATION OF XIAP.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13  3877  29 KDM6A PROMOTES IMATINIB RESISTANCE THROUGH YY1-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL UPREGULATION OF TRKA INDEPENDENTLY OF ITS DEMETHYLASE ACTIVITY IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. RATIONALE: DESPITE LANDMARK THERAPY OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS), DRUG RESISTANCE REMAINS PROBLEMATIC. CANCER PATHOGENESIS INVOLVES EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AND IN PARTICULAR, HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES (KDMS) HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN TKI RESISTANCE. WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY KDMS WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION IN CML AND DEFINE THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO IMATINIB RESISTANCE. METHODS: BIOINFORMATICS SCREENING COMPARED KDM EXPRESSION IN CML VERSUS NORMAL BONE MARROW WITH SHRNA KNOCKDOWN AND FLOW CYTOMETRY USED TO MEASURE EFFECTS ON IMATINIB-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN K562 CELLS. TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED AGAINST KDM6A CRISPR KNOCKOUT/SHRNA KNOCKDOWN K562 CELLS ALONG WITH GENE RESCUE EXPERIMENTS USING WILDTYPE AND MUTANT DEMETHYLASE-DEAD KDM6A CONSTRUCTS. CO-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, LUCIFERASE REPORTER AND CHIP WERE EMPLOYED TO ELUCIDATE MECHANISMS OF KDM6A-DEPENDENT RESISTANCE. RESULTS: AMONGST FIVE KDMS UPREGULATED IN CML, ONLY KDM6A DEPLETION SENSITIZED CML CELLS TO IMATINIB-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. RE-INTRODUCTION OF DEMETHYLASE-DEAD KDM6A AS WELL AS WILD-TYPE KDM6A RESTORED IMATINIB RESISTANCE. RNA-SEQ IDENTIFIED NTRK1 GENE DOWNREGULATION AFTER DEPLETION OF KDM6A. MOREOVER, NTRK1 EXPRESSION POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH KDM6A IN A SUBSET OF CLINICAL CML SAMPLES AND KDM6A KNOCKDOWN IN FRESH CML ISOLATES DECREASED NTRK1 ENCODED PROTEIN (TRKA) EXPRESSION. MECHANISTICALLY, KDM6A WAS RECRUITED TO THE NTRK1 PROMOTER BY THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YY1 WITH SUBSEQUENT TRKA UPREGULATION ACTIVATING DOWN-STREAM SURVIVAL PATHWAYS TO INVOKE IMATINIB RESISTANCE. CONCLUSION: CONTRARY TO ITS REPORTED ROLE AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR AND INDEPENDENT OF ITS DEMETHYLASE FUNCTION, KDM6A PROMOTES IMATINIB-RESISTANCE IN CML CELLS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE KDM6A/YY1/TRKA AXIS AS A NOVEL IMATINIB-RESISTANCE MECHANISM REPRESENTS AN UNEXPLORED AVENUE TO OVERCOME TKI RESISTANCE IN CML.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14  1620  35 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING IN MALIGNANT GLIOMA: A COMBINED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY AND PROMOTER ARRAY ANALYSIS. EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IS A COMMON FEATURE IN HUMAN CANCER. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION ARE REVERSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT1 AND DNMT3B) REGULATE AND MAINTAIN PROMOTER METHYLATION AND ARE OVEREXPRESSED IN HUMAN CANCER. WE PERFORMED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY GENES WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION AFTER RNAI-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF DNMT IN A GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME (GBM) CELL LINE. WE THEN IDENTIFIED GENES WITH BOTH DECREASED EXPRESSION AND EVIDENCE OF PROMOTER CPG ISLAND HYPERMETHYLATION IN GBM TISSUE SAMPLES USING A COMBINED WHOLE-GENOME MICROARRAY TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS IN CONJUNCTION WITH A PROMOTER ARRAY ANALYSIS AFTER DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION WITH ANTI-5-METHYLCYTIDINE. DNMT1 AND 3B KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN THE RESTORED EXPRESSION OF 308 GENES THAT ALSO CONTAINED PROMOTER REGION HYPERMETHYLATION. OF THESE, 43 WERE ALSO FOUND TO BE DOWNREGULATED IN GBM TISSUE SAMPLES. THREE DOWNREGULATED GENES WITH HYPERMETHYLATED PROMOTERS AND RESTORED EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO ACUTE DNMT SUPPRESSION WERE ASSAYED FOR METHYLATION CHANGES USING BISULFITE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF THE PROMOTER REGION AFTER CHRONIC DNMT SUPPRESSION. RESTORATION OF GENE EXPRESSION WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN PROMOTER REGION METHYLATION, BUT RATHER WITH CHANGES IN HISTONE METHYLATION AND CHROMATIN CONFORMATION. TWO OF THE IDENTIFIED GENES EXHIBITED GROWTH SUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY IN IN VITRO ASSAYS. COMBINING TARGETED GENETIC MANIPULATIONS WITH COMPREHENSIVE GENOMIC AND EXPRESSION ANALYSES PROVIDES A POTENTIALLY POWERFUL NEW APPROACH FOR IDENTIFYING EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED GENES IN GBM.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15  3175  31 H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATED BY P38 IS INVOLVED IN BIM EXPRESSION AND APOPTOSIS IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CELLS INDUCED BY IMATINIB. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT HISTONE H2AX PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN REGULATION OF TUMOR CELL APOPTOSIS AND ACTS AS A NOVEL HUMAN TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN. HOWEVER, THE ACTION OF H2AX IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) CELLS IS UNKNOWN. THE DETAILED MECHANISM AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY H2AX REMAIN ELUSIVE IN CANCER CELLS. HERE, WE REPORT THAT H2AX WAS INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS OF CML CELLS. OVEREXPRESSION OF H2AX INCREASED APOPTOTIC SENSITIVITY OF CML CELLS (K562) INDUCED BY IMATINIB. HOWEVER, OVEREXPRESSION OF SER139-MUTATED H2AX (BLOCKING PHOSPHORYLATION) DECREASED SENSITIVITY OF K562 CELLS TO APOPTOSIS. SIMILARLY, KNOCKDOWN OF H2AX MADE K562 CELLS RESISTANT TO APOPTOTIC INDUCTION. THESE RESULTS REVEALED THAT THE FUNCTION OF H2AX INVOLVED IN APOPTOSIS IS STRICTLY RELATED TO ITS PHOSPHORYLATION (SER139). OUR DATA FURTHER INDICATED THAT IMATINIB MAY STIMULATE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) FAMILY MEMBER P38, AND H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION FOLLOWED A SIMILAR TIME COURSE, SUGGESTING A PARALLEL RESPONSE. H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION CAN BE BLOCKED BY P38 SIRNA OR ITS INHIBITOR. THESE DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION WAS REGULATED BY P38 MAPK PATHWAY IN K562 CELLS. HOWEVER, THE P38 MAPK DOWNSTREAM, MITOGEN- AND STRESS-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE-1 AND -2, WHICH PHOSPHORYLATED HISTONE H3, WERE NOT REQUIRED FOR H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION DURING APOPTOSIS. FINALLY, WE PROVIDED EPIGENETIC EVIDENCE THAT H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATED APOPTOSIS-RELATED GENE BIM EXPRESSION. BLOCKING OF H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION INHIBITED BIM GENE EXPRESSION. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION REGULATED BY P38 IS INVOLVED IN BIM EXPRESSION AND APOPTOSIS IN CML CELLS INDUCED BY IMATINIB.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16    66  36 A KEY ROLE FOR EZH2 IN EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF HOX GENES IN MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA. THE CHROMATIN MODIFIER EZH2 IS OVEREXPRESSED AND ASSOCIATED WITH INFERIOR OUTCOME IN MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA (MCL). RECENTLY, WE DEMONSTRATED PREFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION OF HOX GENES IN MCL COMPARED WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), DESPITE THESE GENES NOT BEING EXPRESSED IN EITHER ENTITY. SINCE EZH2 HAS BEEN SHOWN TO REGULATE HOX GENE EXPRESSION, TO GAIN FURTHER INSIGHT INTO ITS POSSIBLE ROLE IN DIFFERENTIAL SILENCING OF HOX GENES IN MCL VS. CLL, WE PERFORMED DETAILED EPIGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION USING REPRESENTATIVE CELL LINES AND PRIMARY SAMPLES. WE OBSERVED SIGNIFICANT OVEREXPRESSION OF EZH2 IN MCL VS. CLL. CHROMATIN IMMUNE PRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAYS REVEALED THAT EZH2 CATALYZED REPRESSIVE H3 LYSINE 27 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27ME3), WHICH WAS SUFFICIENT TO SILENCE HOX GENES IN CLL, WHEREAS IN MCL H3K27ME3 IS ACCOMPANIED BY DNA METHYLATION FOR A MORE STABLE REPRESSION. MORE IMPORTANTLY, HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE HOX GENES IN MCL RESULTED FROM EZH2 OVEREXPRESSION AND SUBSEQUENT RECRUITMENT OF THE DNA METHYLATION MACHINERY ONTO HOX GENE PROMOTERS. THE IMPORTANCE OF EZH2 UPREGULATION IN THIS PROCESS WAS FURTHER UNDERSCORED BY SIRNA TRANSFECTION AND EZH2 INHIBITOR EXPERIMENTS. ALTOGETHER, THESE OBSERVATIONS IMPLICATE EZH2 IN THE LONG-TERM SILENCING OF HOX GENES IN MCL, AND ALLUDE TO ITS POTENTIAL AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET WITH CLINICAL IMPACT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  1968  37 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. THE EXPRESSION OF THE SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING-1 (SOCS1) PROTEIN IS INDUCED IN RESPONSE TO STIMULATION BY SEVERAL CYTOKINES. THE INDUCED SOCS1 INHIBITS THE SIGNALLING PATHWAY THROUGH THE ASSOCIATION WITH A VARIETY OF TYROSINE KINASE PROTEINS. IN THIS STUDY, THE MUTATION ANALYSES, CPG ISLAND METHYLATION STATUS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN 112 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) SAMPLES, FIVE LEUKAEMIA CELL LINES, AND 30 NORMAL CONTROLS WERE ANALYSED. NO GENETIC MUTATIONS OF SOCS1 GENE WERE NOTED IN THE CML SAMPLES. THE SOCS1 GENE WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN 67% AND 46% OF THE BLASTIC AND CHRONIC PHASE CML SAMPLES RESPECTIVELY (P < 0.0001). HOWEVER, THERE WAS NO METHYLATION OF THE SOCS1 GENE IN NORMAL CONTROLS OR CML IN MOLECULAR REMISSION. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE SOCS1 GENE IS CONSISTENT WITH THE RESULTS OF THE REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY STAINING. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE SOCS1 GENE SILENCING IS CAUSED BY THE METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN CML AND IS REVERSED TO AN UNMETHYLATED STATUS IN MOLECULAR REMISSION. AS SOCS1 HAS UNIVERSAL ACTIVITY TO NEGATIVELY REGULATE SEVERAL CYTOKINE SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, THE LOSS OF THE NEGATIVE REGULATION OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING BY THE SOCS1 MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CML PROGRESSION.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18  2748  30 EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF EZH2 IN SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS: EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF THE WNT INHIBITOR SFRP1 IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. OBJECTIVES: TO STUDY THE EXPRESSION, REGULATION AND FUNCTION OF THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOGUE 2 (EZH2) IN SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS (SF) FROM PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) AND OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA). METHODS: SF WERE OBTAINED FROM RA AND OA PATIENTS UNDERGOING JOINT SURGERY. EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. KINASE INHIBITORS AND REPORTER GENE ASSAYS WERE EMPLOYED TO STUDY SIGNALLING PATHWAYS. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES INCLUDED EZH2 OVEREXPRESSION BY PLASMID TRANSFECTION AND GENE SILENCING BY SMALL INTERFERING RNA. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY WAS USED TO ANALYSE HISTONE METHYLATION WITHIN DISTINCT PROMOTER REGIONS. RESULTS: BY STUDYING THE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF EZH2 IN SF THE AUTHORS FOUND THAT EZH2 IS OVEREXPRESSED IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS SYNOVIAL FIBROBLASTS (RASF) AND FURTHER INDUCED BY TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA THROUGH THE NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B AND JUN KINASE PATHWAYS. AS A TARGET GENE OF EZH2 THE AUTHORS IDENTIFIED SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEIN 1 (SFRP1), AN INHIBITOR OF WNT SIGNALLING, WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACTIVATION OF RASF, AND SHOW THAT SFRP1 EXPRESSION CORRELATES WITH THE OCCUPATION OF ITS PROMOTER WITH ACTIVATING AND SILENCING HISTONE MARKS. CONCLUSIONS: THESE DATA STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENT OF THE RA JOINT INDUCES EZH2 AND THUS MIGHT CAUSE CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMES OF SF.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19  2133  49 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF THE MIR-34A IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. MIR-34A IS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL TARGET OF P53 AND IMPLICATED IN CARCINOGENESIS. WE STUDIED THE ROLE OF MIR-34A METHYLATION IN A PANEL OF HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING ACUTE LEUKEMIA [ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AND ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)], CHRONIC LEUKEMIA [CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML)], MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM) AND NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA (NHL). THE METHYLATION STATUS OF MIR-34A PROMOTER WAS STUDIED IN 12 CELL LINES AND 188 DIAGNOSTIC SAMPLES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. MIR-34A PROMOTER WAS UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS BUT METHYLATED IN 75% LYMPHOMA AND 37% MYELOMA CELL LINES. HYPOMETHYLATING TREATMENT LED TO RE-EXPRESSION OF PRI-MIR-34A TRANSCRIPT IN LYMPHOMA CELLS WITH HOMOZYGOUS MIR-34A METHYLATION. IN PRIMARY SAMPLES AT DIAGNOSIS, MIR-34A METHYLATION WAS DETECTED IN 4% CLL, 5.5% MM SAMPLES AND 18.8% OF NHL AT DIAGNOSIS BUT NONE OF ALL, AML AND CML (P = 0.011). IN MM PATIENTS WITH PAIRED SAMPLES, MIR-34A METHYLATION STATUS REMAINED UNCHANGED AT PROGRESSION. AMONGST LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES, MIR-34A WAS PREFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN NHL (P = 0.018), IN PARTICULAR NATURAL KILLER (NK)/T-CELL LYMPHOMA. IN CONCLUSION, AMONGST HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, MIR-34A METHYLATION IS PREFERENTIALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NHL, IN PARTICULAR NK/T-CELL LYMPHOMA, IN A TUMOR-SPECIFIC MANNER, THEREFORE THE ROLE OF MIR-34A IN LYMPHOMAGENESIS WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20  1613  37 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 MEDIATED ABERRANT METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF SHP-1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CELLS. INTRODUCTION: EXTENSIVE STUDIES ON SHP-1 PROTEIN AND SHP-1 MRNA REVEALED THAT THE DIMINISHMENT OR ABOLISHMENT OF THE EXPRESSION OF SHP-1 IN LEUKEMIAS/LYMPHOMAS WAS DUE TO ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION. THUS FAR, THE MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE SHP-1 TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE GENE THAT OCCURS IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CELLS REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: THE EXPRESSIONS OF THE TARGET MOLECULES WERE DETERMINED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME PCR AND WESTERN BLOT, RESPECTIVELY. BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR WAS USED TO DETECT METHYLATION STATUS OF DNA CPG. THE LENTIVIRAL VECTORS WERE APPLIED TO MODIFY GENE EXPRESSION. RESULTS: IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE FOUND THAT THE PROMOTER 2 OF SHP-1 GENE IS LOCATED BETWEEN POSITIONS FROM -577BP TO +300BP, AND 22 CPG SITES CONTAINED IN POSITIONS -353BP APPROXIMATELY +182BP ARE ABERRANTLY METHYLATED IN K562 CELLS. IN VITRO, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT DNMT1 SILENCING INDUCED DEMETHYLATION OF THE 22 CPG SITES LOCATED IN THE SHP-1 PROMOTER AND RE-EXPRESSION OF SHP-1 GENE IN K562 CELLS. MOREOVER, WE PROVED THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DNMT1 AND SHP-1 MRNA AND PROTEIN WERE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED IN K562 CELLS AND BM ASPIRATES MONONUCLEAR CELLS FROM CML PATIENTS. CONCLUSION: COLLECTIVELY, THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT DNMT1 MEDIATES ABERRANT METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF SHP-1 GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA CELLS, AND PROVIDE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CML.	2017